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The West Esplanade Veterinary Clinic treats a wide variety of Avian and Exotic Pets.
Below are General Health Tips and Common Diseases to watch.
Birds
Rabbits
Guinea Pigs
Reptiles
Ferrets
Birds
AVAIN HEALTH CARE INFORMATION
Due to the vast variety of Avain species kept as pets and breeding stock,
educating oneself to the individual dietary, caging and grooming needs of the
various species is extremely important to the overall health of each bird one owns. From eclectus parrots to ceylonese
hanging parrots and Hyacinth Macaws to Hahn's Macaws one need to understand
the individual variation to prevent behavioral, nutritional or medical problems.
HOUSING : The size of the cage should be large enough for the bird to
be placed in the center, stretch its wings and not have the wing tips touch
the sides, front or back of the cage. Galvanized wire cages have been proven
to cause fatal zinc toxicity in a variety of species of birds. The perches should
allow the bird to encircle the perch by 75%. Natural 'hard wood' perches are
great if cleaned properly or bought from a bird / pet supply store. Stone or
'pedicure' perches are fine for keeping nails trimmed to a dull point ( they
will not keep nails short enough to prevent trimming ). Feed cups and bowls
should be cleaned with soap and water daily and if possible, washed in dishwasher
once a week. Newspaper, ground walnut shell, pine or aspen shavings and 'Carefresh'
bedding are safe coverings for the bottom of the cage. Particulate bedding should
be raked out daily and wholesale changed once a week. Newspaper should be changed
daily. The entire cage should be washed out once a week. Birds should be sprayed
or bathed once a week.
FEEDING : Over the last 10-15 years, Avain veterinarians have documented
an extensive log of nutritional deficiencies from feeding psittacines 'seed
only' diets. Feeding pet birds table foods may also lead to nutritional imbalances.
Obesity is a common finding in amazon parrots, pionus parrots, cockatiels and
quaker parrots fed food from the table with added vegetable oil or butter. All
seed based diets contain a high caloric base ( sunflower seed or safflower seed
) that when consumed over a period of years in a large percentage of the daily
intake, may lead to one of the following deficiencies ; calcium, protein, Vitamin
A. Increased blood cholesterol and subcutaneous fat deposits may also occur
in pet birds on an improper diet. When considering a parrot's diet, the most
important aspect to consider is - "What does your parrot eat out of what
you offer ?" Consult your Avain veterinarian for the proper diet for your
bird !!!!
The recommended diets (intake) for most psittacines (exceptions below*) are
as follows :
1.) Non-sunflower based diets - 60%
Vegetables / legumes - 30-40%
Fruits / nuts 0- 10%
2.) Pelleted Diets** 80%
Fruit / vegetable 20%
* Eclectus Parrots need a diet of 60% green leafy vegetable intake to supply
their increased Vitamin A Requirements
* Macaws and in particular the Hyacinth Macaw need a higher fat intake, so a
slightly higher intake of nuts is recommended
* Cockatiels usually fare better on a pelleted ration with a 10-20% intake of
cockatiel seed.
** Dr. Rich recommends Harrison Bird Diet and Zupreem Avain Diets
LINKS :
www.aav.org
www.exoticdvm.com
www.vin.com/petcare
www.animalnetwork.com/birds
www.petbirdreport.com
www.harrisonsbirdfoods.com
www.zupreem.com
www.upatsix.com
www.afa.org
COMMON PET BIRD DISEASES
 AVAIN
POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTION
A viral disease affecting all psittacines. Clinical symptoms are more noted
to occur in pre-weaning psittacines. Eclectus parrots and caiques are more sensitive
to the effects of the virus. The virus can be passed in feces, urates, feather
dander and regurgitated fluids. Incubation prior to symptoms is usually 7-14
days. The virus may remain in the body and still be infective to other birds
for 2 -12 months. Highly contagious.
Symptoms
1. Depression
2. Delayed crop emptying
3. Regurgitation in baby birds
4. Diarrhea and/or polyuria
5. Bright yellow urine with strings of mucus and urates
6. Bleeding under the skin
7. Abnormal feathering in fledgling birds
8. Sudden death
Diagnosis
1. Blood tests to detect viral DNA particles in the blood ( indicates exposure
)
2. Fecal/Urate swab to detect viral DNA in excrement ( indicates that virus
is present in feces/urates/environment )
Treatment
1. Unfortunately there are no effective medications or therapies to treat a
bird with confirmed polyomavirus infection.
Prevention ( A USDA approved polyomavirus vaccine has been available
for over 6 years. The vaccine is a killed product and has been proven to be
90-95% effective. Vaccination is effective in non-budgerigar psittacines only
)
1. Vaccinate all breeding stock, all babies and all pet birds
2. Do not sell, ship or accept unweaned, non-vaccinated baby birds
3. Use biosecure shipping containers
4. Maintain a closed aviary ( no new birds introduced without being vet tested
and going thru a quarantine period at a separate location. )
5. Use a separate feeding utensil for each clutch of baby birds
6. Limit exposure of your birds to non-vaccinated birds and people that do not
practice sound management principles and do not vaccinate their stock
 PSITTACOSIS
A highly contagious bacterial disease caused by the organism Chlamydia psittaci.
This disease can cause infections in humans. Transmission is primarily from
inhalation
of dust from feathers and dried feces and urates.
Symptoms
1. Loss of appetite
2. Weight loss
3. Depression / lethargy
4. Discharge from eyes and/or nose
5. Diarrhea ( classically - lime green diarrhea )
6. Sudden death
Diagnosis
1. Both blood and fecal tests are available to the Avain veterinarian to detect
the organism, antibodies to the organism in the blood or DNA particles in either
blood, tissue swabs or feces. Depending on the nature of the infection, the
severity of the disease and the condition of the patient, the Avain veterinarian
may choose any or all of the afore mentioned testing methods.
Treatment
1. The recommended drug of choice is 'Doxycycline'. The route of administration
is either by medicated pellets, added to drinking water, directly by mouth or
by injection.
2. The course of treatment is a minimum of 45 days. A negative test at the end
of the 45 days should be considered as a true end of treatment.
Prevention
1. Consult an Avain veterinarian to consider testing all new acquisitions for
chlamydia psittaci.
2. Buy birds from reputable breeders ( get a recommendation from your local
Avain veterinarian). See if the breeder tests their birds for chlamydia.
3. Isolate and quarantine all newly acquired birds for at least 4 weeks ( 30-60
days is recommended ).
4. Periodically test breeding birds for chlamydia psittaci
FEATHER PICKING - Any age, any species, any environment
Causes
1. VIRAL DISEASES ( Polyomavirus, Psittacine Beak And Feather Virus )
2. Parasites ( mites, lice, intestinal giardia infection )
3. Bacterial and Fungal ( Staphylococcus, pseudomonas, aspergillus, candida
)
4. Nutritional ( Vitamin A, calcium and total protein deficiency are most common )
5. Environmental ( lack of adequate bathing, exposure to toxins, excessive
stress )
6. Hormonal ( Sexually mature but no same species mate, hence frustrated ! )
7. Behavioral ( Misplaced aggression towards family member, lack of discipline
)
8. Chronic Disease ( Underlying kidney, liver, respiratory or GI disease )
Diagnosis
1. Extensive history about food, location of cage, addition or loss of new pets
or family members, exposure to cigarette smoke, cage design
2. Thorough physical exam
3. Laboratory testing :
Chemistry panel - to detect nutritional deficiencies, test liver and
kidney function
Radiograph - check for lead or zinc, check for abnormalities in liver,
kidney, lungs, air sacs, heart or bone structure
Ancillary Lab tests - Lead/zinc blood tests, blood analysis for fungal
diseases, chlamydia
Pathology - biopsy of skin and/or feather follicle to identify specific
diseases of the skin or feathers
Treatment - Each case is treated depending on the specific medical
condition identified, if no medical condition is present after all tests have
been run, refer to a behavior consultant
Prevention
1. Avoid airborne toxins
2. Protect against aggressive mates or house mates
3. Mist or shower 2-3 times a week
4. Use a well known or an Avain veterinary recommended diet formulation for
your specific bird ( not all birds do well on every diet )
5. Get a well-bird check up every 12 months
RABBITS
RABBIT HEALTH CARE INFORMATION
Rabbits belong to the ORDER of animals called LAGOMORPHS. The lagomorphs include
hares, pikas, cottontail rabbits and the domestic rabbit. Both lagomorphs and
rodents have open rooted teeth, hence their teeth will grow continuously ( under
normal conditions, there is no need for dental care ). They differ from rodents
in that rabbits also possess two small incisors, peg teeth, directly behind
the upper larger incisors. Chewing on hay helps keep the teeth in shape.
CAGING : Rabbits have delicate feet, so designing or buying a cage with
proper flooring is of extreme importance. Wire cages should be made of smooth
galvanized wire with a mesh size of 1'' by 1/2''. The dimensions depend on the
number of rabbits per cage and the type of rabbit you have. Dwarf Breeds should
be housed in an area at least 24'' by 24'' by 18'' high. Larger breeds may need
as large an area as 36''by 36'' by 24'' high. There should be an area in the
cage where your rabbit can get off the wire floor. This may be a flat board
or plexiglass, or a small box for hiding. Remember, rabbits like to chew. so
any thing you put in the cage must be non toxic and without sharp edges. Litter
training is possible. Use a small Pyrex dish with hay or bedding inside the
cage in a corner. Bedding material, if used, should be either pine or aspen
bedding - not cedar. Out door hutches can be used if an area is supplied so
that you pet is protected from the wind, rain and direct sun. Rabbits should
be brought in when temperatures drop below 40 degrees F.
DIET : Rabbits are herbivores with a very complex system for digestion.
Diets high in fiber are essential for proper digestion and motility in juvenile
and adult rabbits. Pelleted diets with a fiber content greater than 18 % are
recommended. Generally, the amount of pellets offered should be 1/4 cup per
5 pounds of body weight. Grass hay such as 'Oxbow' alfalfa or timothy grass
hay should be offered twice a week as the only source of food, but can be left
in the cage at all times. Fresh vegetables can be offered daily to rabbits over
6 months of age. Suggested vegetable treats are : carrot and carrot tops, kale,
spinach, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, red leaf lettuce, bok choy and romaine
lettuce. Sweet potato and squash can also be offered 1 - 2 times a week. PAPAYA
tablets are useful in preventing hairball blockages of the intestinal system.
Common Medical Problems
Overgrown teeth
Obesity
Nasal and Ocular discharge
Hairballs
Ear Mite
Diarrhea.
ALL REQUIRE VETERINARY ATTENTION !
All male rabbits should be neutered and female rabbits spayed after 6 months
of age.
COMMON PET RABBIT DISEASES
 Dental
disease
A rabbits teeth are essential to its health and ability to eat properly. Rabbit
teeth are open rooted, meaning they continue to grow during the life of the
animal. As long as there is a normal bite, the teeth will keep themselves in
alignment. Genetic pre-disposition to malocclusion of teeth has been postulated
in many cases, as has lack of hay / fiber in the diet. Infections of the tooth
root or bony structures of the mouth may cause the teeth to be out of alignment.
Symptoms
1. Anorexia
2. Seeing lower and/or upper incisors outside of lips
3. Un-explained weight loss
Diagnosis
1. Visibly seeing the 'overgrown' incisors outside of the lips
2. Veterinary examination of cheek teeth with a speculum or scope
3. Xrays
Treatment
1. Maloccluded incisors should be removed by extraction of both upper and lower
incisors
2. Maloccluded cheek teeth should be clipped and filed by a veterinarian well
experienced with rabbit dentistry
Prevention
1. Offer plenty of hay in the diet
2. Keep rabbit from chewing on metal
3. Have yearly exams by a veterinarian knowledgeable in rabbit care
Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection - a protozoal infection that
may involve the central nervous system or the urinary tract.
Symptoms
1. 'Wry Neck' or head tilt is usually the first sign
2. Circling in lesser cases
3. Kidney infection
Diagnosis
1. Blood tests to detect antibody levels are available, but interpretation as
to the cause of the symptoms is often difficult and involves testing for Pasteurella
as well
2. Biopsy of the kidney in renal disease cases
3. Necropsy
Treatment
1. Long term albendazole or oxibendazole
GI Stasis - Also known as trichobezoar, hair ball, or wool block.
This complex disease is related to a variety of conditions including but not
exclusive to ; low fiber intake, molting, stress, and poor health.
Symptoms
1. Anorexia
2. Diarrhea
3. Passing tiny dry stools
4. Distended doughy stomach on palpation
Treatment
1. Hospitalization with subq fluids, oral hydration with fluids and enzymes,
pain relief medication and in some cases, gastric motility enhancing drugs
2. Increasing 'timothy hay' intake
3. Massaging the stomach or walking around with the rabbit cuddled in one's
arms
4. Surgery may be used as a last ditch procedure, but failures of return to
health are more common than success stories
Prevention
1. Feed 'timothy' hay daily and as only source of food - twice a week !
2. Let rabbit exercise daily
3. Keep environment clean and limit stress
Parasitic diseases - ear mites, fleas and 'bot fly' (Cuterebra
larva) abscess on head, neck or legs
Symptoms
1. Ear mite infections are obvious by the thick crusty, flaky build up in the
ear
2. Fleas can be seen with the naked eye as can the black feces (flea dirt)
3. Cuterebra infections cause a small swelling (usually around the head, eyes,
neck or rear legs). The breathing pore can often be seen.
Diagnosis
1. Ear mites, fleas and Cutrebra are all visible with the 'trained' naked eye
2. Microscopic detection of ear mites (Psoroptes cuniculi) in scrapings from
the ear
Treatment
1. Ear Mites - ivermectin injections given every 2 weeks for 2-3 treatments
2. Fleas - treat as one would for a cat ( Advantage has been used safely by
veterinarians). Treating the environment is essential to prevent re-infestation
3. Cutrebra larval infections require careful surgical removal
Prevention
1. Check other pets in house for ear mites and fleas. Keep rabbits away from
outdoor cats and or dogs
2. Cutrebra larvae live around rodent holes out doors
 Pasteurellosis
A common bacterial disease that affects rabbits at any age. Caused by the organism
- Pasteurella multicoda. Symptoms are usually confined to upper and lower respiratory
tract, but may cause abscesses in a variety of locations around the body. The
condition has been called 'Snuffles' for years. Genetic predisposition, poor
diet, unclean living conditions and stress may all play a factor in the disease
and the rabbits ability to fight off infection.
Symptoms
1. Runny eyes and/or nose
2. Crusty discharge around nostrils clumping hair together
3. Difficulty breathing
4. Weight loss
5. Swellings around joints, under the lower jaw, around the eye or the bottoms
of the feet
Diagnosis
1. Bacterial culture
2. Elevated antibody level in blood tests
3. Assumption by symptoms or response to treatment
4. Xrays to detect infection in lungs or inner ear
Treatment
1. Respiratory diseases often require hospitalization with injectable antibiotics
( Baytril, Naxel, Chloramphenicol ) and nebulization therapy
2. Abscess require surgical removal ( capsule and contents ). Difficult cases
may benefit from the use of antibiotic impregnated pellets inserted into the
area
Prevention
1. Maintaining a clean environment without extreme swings in ambient temperature
2. Feeding a proper diet ( limited treats, some fresh greens and plenty of hay
)
3. Limiting stress ( the new Black Lab puppy, over crowding, too small of a
cage )
Tumors - Rabbits are affected by several specific types
of cancer. Uterine and mammary gland cancer are both seen with regularity in
adult female rabbits.
Symptoms
1. Bloody discharge from vaginal opening ( rabbits do not bleed when 'in season')
2. Hematuria (bloody urine)
3. Unexplained weight loss
4. Lumps on belly and breast of female rabbits
Diagnosis
1. Uterine adenocarcinoma is detected during surgery
2. Xray or ultrasound diagnosis of a soft tissue mass in area of uterus
3. Biopsy of mammary gland masses
Treatment
1. Spaying a rabbit with either or both types of cancer
2. Mastectomy for mammary gland tumors
Prevention
1. Spaying all female rabbits over 6 months of age
LINKS :
www.oxbowhay.com
www.rabbit.org
www.vin.com/petcare
GUINEA PIGS
GUINEA PIG HEALTH CARE INFORMATION
Cavia porcellus
Guinea pigs belong to the rodent family and originate from South America.
They are unique amongst the rodent family in that they require Vitamin C to
be added to their diet (like primates). Like other members of the rodent family
though, they have open rooted teeth. This means their teeth grow throughout
their entire life. As long as their bite surfaces remain normal this will not
cause a problem. The life span of a guinea pig is 5-6 years under optimal conditions.
HOUSING : Guinea pigs have delicate feet, so proper cage substrate is
important. Flat bottom cages with newspaper, aspen bedding, or recycled newspaper
lining the bottom is recommended. Wire mesh bottoms will require a portion to
be flat to prevent sores from developing on their foot pads. Plastic tubs, sweater
boxes or aquariums are suitable for cages. The sides should be 10-15 inches
higher than the bedding. Providing small boxes for hiding is advisable for the
comfort of your guinea pig. They love to chew, so make sure cage toys or hide
boxes are made of non-toxic materials. The cage should be cleaned out 2-3 times
a week to avoid bacterial over growth that may cause serious skin or respiratory
system diseases.
DIET : Guinea pigs are herbivores ( plant eaters ). They have a very
complex digestive system. Fiber is extremely important for motility of the intestinal
loops and in maintaining adequate levels of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal
tract (Oxbow Timothy Hay or Orchard Grass are recommended). Protein levels in
the diet should be between 20-22 %. As mentioned earlier, guinea pigs require
Vitamin C to be added to their diet, so adding vegetables high in Vitamin C
is helpful ( i.e. bell pepper, cabbage, kale, carrots ). Oxbow chewable tablets
are highly recommended. Fruits, such as cantaloupe, strawberries and apples,
may be added as treats. Vitamin C is not stable when stored for long periods,
so be sure to get high quality pellets ( preferably with an expiration date
) and do not store guinea pig food for over 90 days. We recommend the following
guinea pig diets: Oxbow Cavy Cuisine and Kaytee Guinea Pig Pellets.
Common medical problems :
Scurvy ( Vitamin C deficiency )
overgrown teeth (malocclusion)
lice
foot problems ( pododermatitis )
Ovarian Cysts in females
bacterial abscesses
Yearly Health Examinations are Recommended
We recommend all male Guinea Pigs to be neutered and females to be spayed !
COMMON PET GUINEA PIG DISEASES
Bacterial Abscesses
Symptoms
1. Swelling under lower jaw
2. Swelling on undersides of foot pads ( 'Bumblefoot' )
Diagnosis
1. Aspirate of swelling
2. Biopsy of swelling
Treatment
1. Surgical removal of abscess and entire capsule
2. Long term antibiotic therapy ( Guinea pigs can have fatal reactions to penicillin
based antibiotics )
Overgrown teeth
Symptoms
1. Weight loss
2. Saliva collecting under chin ( 'slobbers' )
3. Grinding teeth
Diagnosis
1. Oral examination under isoflourane anesthesia or with aid of an oral speculum
2. Xray of head ( lateral projection )
Treatment
1. Clipping and filing teeth under 'isoflourane anesthesia'
2. Offering Timothy Hay to supplement pellets all the time
Pneumonia
Symptoms
1. Weight loss
2. Difficulty Breathing
3. Nasal Discharge / sneezing
Diagnosis
1. Chest Xray
2. Complete Blood Count
Treatment
1. Long term antibiotic therapy ( some cases may never completely resolve )
2. Nebulization with antibiotics
Scurvy ( Vitamin C deficiency )
Symptoms
1. Poor coat condition
2. Painful joints / Swollen joints
3. Weight loss
Diagnosis
1. Dietary history
2. Xrays
Treatment
1. Vitamin C injections
2. Daily supplementation with Vitamin C
Prevention
1. Using a Guinea pig diet with an expiration date
LINKS :
www.oxbowhay.com
www.vin.com/petcare
REPTILES
Lizards
IGUANA HEALTHCARE INFORMATION
The Green Iguana ( Iguana iguana ) inhabits the jungles , coastline , and
general terrain of Central and South America. In their natural habitat , they
consume primarily a herbivorous diet ( i.e. plant material , fruits , and flowers
) . Adults have been noted consuming small fish and some insects in the wild
, so animal protein can be utilized by iguanas. By nature , iguanas rely on
radiant heat to warm their ' cold - blooded ' bodies. A proper environment with
optimum ambient temperature, UV light and an adequate diet are of vital importance
in maintaining a healthy pet Iguana.
TEMPERATURE : Heat should be provided to obtain a temperature of 80-
95 F in the Iguana's cage or enclosure. Night-time temperatures should not drop
below 70 F. The proper methods for maintaining adequate temperature are simple
; 1) use reptile heating pads or heating blocks beneath the cage, 2) use heating
strips around the cage , or 3) use a heat lamp or basking light outside the
cage or out of your pet's reach. Tape thermometers or out- door thermometers
should be used to measure the temperature of your Iguana's environment. HOT
ROCKS ARE NOT ADVISED AS THE SOLE SOURCE OF HEAT! THEY MAY CAUSE SERIOUS BURNS
TO YOUR PET!
LIGHTING : Iguanas require adequate UV spectrum light to properly utilize
certain nutrients in their diet. The use of an aquarium light fixture with a
UV light ( CRI 90-98 ) is of utmost importance. Brands recommended are: Chromalux,
Energy Savers, Fluker Labs, Vita Light and Zoo Med. These bulbs should be changed
every 6 months. Taking your Iguana outside for 30 minutes - 1 hour daily during
warm weather is also helpful.
DIET : Protein is required mainly in young, growing Iguanas. Over supplementation
of either protein or calcium may lead to serious medical problems. Mealworms
and crickets are not considered an adequate protein source on a daily basis.
1) BABY IGUANAS and JUVENILES ----- Their diet should consist of 10 - 20 %
animal protein ( soaked monkey biscuits or dry, soaked dog food ), 50 -60 %
plant material ( Turnip greens, spinach, alfalfa hay( rabbit pellets), beets,
or parsley ) and 10 % flowers and fruits ( carnations , rose petals , hibiscus
flowers, apple, strawberry, banana, or tomato ). All fruits and vegetables should
be thoroughly washed before feeding. Pelleted iguana rations, Zupreem and Fluker
Labs are suitable for most iguanas. Walkabout Farms Diets have been a very successful
iguana diet in our experience.
2) ADOLESCENT/ MEDIUM SIZE ----- Decrease animal protein sources to 10 - 15
% of the total diet consumed. More roughage can be added at this time ( sweet
potato, green beans , peas , or squash ). Over supplementing with vitamins and
animal protein at this stage can lead to kidney damage. Consumption of calcium
rich vegetables, 35 % total intake, is a must to prevent Metabolic Bone Disease
(MBD). Use of pelleted diets mentioned above will be of help in preventing this
disease. Again, Walkabout Farms diet is recommended
3) ADULT IGUANAS ----- Decrease animal protein sources to 5 - 10 % of the pets
total intake. Intake of calcium rich vegetables is still a must.
4) VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION ----- NEKTON REP , VIONATE, NEO - CALGLUCON
HOUSING and CAGING : Floor substrate should consist of artificial carpeting,
astroturf, pine bedding or aspen bedding. Cedar shavings and corn cob bedding
should not be used in any Iguana cage. Your Iguana should be sprayed with water
daily. It is recommended to place your iguana in a warm water bath once or twice
a week.
VETERINARY EXAMINATION : A post purchase examination is recommended
so your pet can be checked for external and internal parasites. At this time
your veterinarian can go over dietary recommendations with you. Yearly Health
Exams and chemistry profiles are encouraged.
READING MATERIAL : ' The Green Iguana Manual ' , ' American Federation
of Herpetoculturists Journal ', REPTILES Magazine
Common Lizard Diseases
 Metabolic
Bone Disease (MBD)
commonly referred to as calcium deficiency by the general public and the novice
veterinarian seeing pet iguanas. Is generally due to a combination of all or
one of the following : Lack of UV Light, improper diet, lack of humidity or
consistent below optimum cage temperatures. UV light must be supplied from direct
sunlight ( not thru glass or plexiglass ) or by use of UV lights placed above
the cage ( unobstructed by wood, plastic or glass tops ). Bulbs need to be changed
every 6 months. Technically, MBD, is an imbalance of the Calcium / Phosphorus
ratio in the blood. The ratio should be 2/1 or 3/1.
Symptoms
1. Bilateral Swelling of back or front legs in the mid section of the long bones
2. Muscle twitching
3. Anorexia
4. Soft lower and/or upper jaw
Diagnosis
1. Blood calcium and phosphorus level
2. XRAY
Treatment
1. Depends on calcium levels ( needs to be under direction of a well qualified
reptile veterinarian )
2. Change diet (WalkAboutFarms diets are highly recommended)
3. Place iguana in UV light daily for 1-2 hours during first month of treatment
Prevention
1. Use proper diet as directed by our 'Reptile Healthcare Information'
2. Use proper UV lighting
3. See your Reptile Veterinarian Yearly
Skin Mites
Symptoms
1. Blackened areas of skin in a variety of places on iguana's body and limbs
2. Tiny red dots under and between scales
Diagnosis
1. Veterinary examination and analysis of skin scraping under microscope
Treatment
1. Ivermectin oral medication ( repeated in 2 weeks )
2. Washing skin with an antiseptic soap to remove majority of mites
Prevention
1. Veterinary examination within 1st week of purchase
2. Cleaning cage during and after veterinary treatment is helpful to prevent
re-infestation
Subcutaneous Swelling ( Abscess ) - usually under lower jaw, but
may occur anywhere.
Symptoms
1. Firm, nodular swelling under lower jaw, on tail , on feet or on torso
2. Corresponding weight loss
3. Discoloration of skin over swelling
Diagnosis
1. Surgical removal of mass
2. Bacterial culture of surface of mass or inside of pocket created by mass
3. Pathology report of mass from laboratory analysis ( may be bacterial, mycobacterial
or Vitamin A Deficiency )
Treatment
1. Surgical removal of mass and cleaning of abscess site
2. Selecting proper antibiotic according to culture report
3. Correcting any diet or housing problems
Prevention
1. Maintaining clean environment
2. Feeding diet recommended on our website's Iguana Diet Recommendations
Thermal Burns
Symptoms
1. Thickened, black skin on belly or back ( edges may be peeling up )
2. Thick layer of dead skin that reveals raw skin underneath once peeled off
Diagnosis
1. History ( use of hot rock in cage or a heat light within 1 foot of iguana's
body )
2. Lack of skin mite infestation
Treatment
1. Cleaning wound with an antiseptic soap
2. Use of long term antibiotic orally
3. Use of topical burn cream
Prevention
1. Use 'undertank' heater
2. Keep heat lights at least 1 foot away from top level of cage
LINKS :
www.herpnutrition.com
www.arav.org
www.animalnetwork.com/reptiles
www.exoticdvm.com
www.vin.com/petcare
SNAKES
PYTHON AND BOA CONSTRICTOR
HEALTH CARE INFORMATION
All snakes are cold- blooded and require external sources of heat to maintain
their body temperature at a healthy status. In their natural environment, most
types of constrictors bask in the sun on rocks or tree branches to absorb the
sun's rays. In the wild, both types of constrictors consume a wide variety of
small animal prey, from small rodents and rabbits to birds and even other snakes.
Adult Ball Pythons can attain a length of 4-6 feet and adult Red-Tail Boa
Constrictors can grow to be 12 feet. Reticulated Pythons and Burmese Pythons,
both illegal to own as pets in Louisiana, can reach lengths of 16 feet. The
American Federation of Herpetoculturists recommends having two people present
when handling boa constrictors and pythons over 8 feet in length.
HOUSING: Cages should be built with a snap on top or a hinged top with
a latching mechanism. The cage should be easy to maintain and the bedding should
be easy to clean. Items recommended for bedding are; pine shavings, aspen bedding,
news paper, or artificial carpet. Branches and rocks should be used for basking
areas.
TEMPERATURE: The cage or enclosure should be kept at a temperature of
80- 85 F during the day. Night time temperatures should not drop below 70 F.
Heating systems recommended for housing snakes are:
1) Reptile heating pads or standard heating pads placed beneath the cage. For
large snakes housed in a room, large acrylic heating units with a rheostat can
be used.
2) Incandescent light bulbs or spot lights can be used to provide radiant heat.
**CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISE SO AS NOT TO LET YOUR SNAKE CURL AROUND THE LIGHT
FIXTURE. THEY CAN BURN THEMSELVES VERY EASILY.
3) Space heaters can be used for large enclosures. **AGAIN , CAUTION IS URGED.
4) Hot rocks are not recommended as the main source of heat!
HUMIDITY: Water should always be available in the cage or enclosure.
The use of spray bottles and body baths will help add moisture to the snakes
skin, which will help during shedding.
DIET: Small rodents procured from pet shops or breeders are good sources
of quality food. Care should be taken so as not to get too big of a meal, intestinal
impactions can occur. It is not recommended to leave the prey alive in the cage
over TWO HOURS, bite wounds can be very harmful to your snake.
1) Baby snakes----- feed one or two 4-5 day old pinkie mice. Food should be
offered every 4-5 days.
2) Juvenile snakes ( 3-6 feet )----- feed one to two medium size rats every
5-7 days.
3) Adult snakes ( 6-10 feet ) ----- feed one to three rats or one small rabbit
every 5-7 days.
VETERINARY EXAMINATION: It is highly recommended to have all newly acquired
pets checked by a qualified reptile knowledgeable veterinarian . All snakes
should be checked yearly for internal and external parasites.
Common Snake Diseases
Anorexia - defined as a lack of appetite. May be due to
internal illness, intestinal parasites, low environmental temperature, intestinal
blockage, egg production in females or normal seasonal decrease in metabolism
Symptoms
1. Lack of willingness to eat
Diagnosis
1. Fecal exam for eggs or larvae or worm-type parasites and warm saline examination
for protozoal parasites
2. Oral examination, abdominal palpation and general health examination by a
qualified reptile veterinarian
3. Xray to check for eggs
4. Normal seasonal condition in some python and constrictor species from December
to March
5. Blood chemistry analysis and complete blood count in cases non responsive
to Routine treatment
Treatment
1. Proper treatment of intestinal parasites
2. Correcting internal disease condition
3. Maintaining proper temperature ( Usually 80-85 degrees ) for the species
in question
Prevention
1. Yearly veterinary examination with fecal analysis
Blister Disease - A condition found in boa constrictors and pythons.
The disease causes a blistering of the scales on the under side of the snake.
Can be caused by either a viral disease or by urine scald from an unclean cage.
This can be fatal in some cases.
Symptoms
1. Blister and/or scab formation on the scales of the abdomen and tail.
2. Dysecdysis ( improper shed )
3. Anorexia
Diagnosis
1. Biopsy
2. History of inadequate cage cleaning
Treatment
1. Long term antibiotic therapy
2. Soaking in antiseptic solution or soap and topical wound care
Prevention
1. Cleaning and disinfecting cage weekly
2. Veterinary health check of new purchases
Stomatitis (Mouth Rot ) - Bacterial infection in mouth.
Symptoms
1. Red specs or splotches on gum tissue
2. Open mouth breathing more than usual
3. Bedding sticking to gums and skin around mouth
Diagnosis
1. Veterinary Examination
2. Bacterial culture and sensitivity
Treatment
1. Long term antibiotic therapy determined by culture and sensitivity report
2. Use of oral cleansing wash
Prevention
1. Cleaning and disinfecting cage - weekly
2. Yearly veterinary examination
Skin Mites
Symptoms
1. Black specs under scales in a variety of places on snake's body
2. Tiny red dots under and between scales
Diagnosis
1. Veterinary examination and analysis of skin scraping under microscope
Treatment
1. Ivermectin oral medication ( repeated in 2 weeks )
2. Washing skin with an antiseptic soap to remove majority of mites
Prevention
1. Veterinary examination within 1st week of purchase
2. Cleaning cage during and after veterinary treatment
LINKS :
www.herpnutrition.com
www.arav.org
www.animalnetwork.com/reptiles
www.exoticdvm.com
TURTLES / TORTOISES
Common Turtle Diseases
Abscesses - Bacterial infections under the skin or in the tympanic
membrane. Sterile abscesses can occur in the tympanic membrane or in the mouth
with cases of Vitamin A deficiency.
Symptoms
1. Swellings behind the Tympanic membrane, in the mouth or on the feet
2. Nasal or ocular discharge
3. Anorexia
Diagnosis
1. Presence of a swelling with a pale yellow to white colored mass under the
skin
2. Bacterial culture of swelling
Treatment
1. Surgical drainage and flushing of the abscessed area. The capsule of the
abscess must be removed
2. Proper antibiotic treatment depending on culture
3. Vitamin A injection
Cuterebra Infection - Cuterebra larval imbedded in an open wound
on the skin of one or more legs.
Symptoms
1. Open, draining wound on a front or rear leg
2. Subcutaneous swelling on a front or rear leg
Diagnosis
1. Noticing live larvae in breathing hole ( opening in subcutaneous swelling
)
Treatment
1. Surgical removal of worm and the entire capsule of the abscess created by
the larvae
2. Antibiotic therapy following surgery
Prevention
1. Keeping turtles and tortoises away from rodent burrows in the yard
Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD) - commonly referred to as calcium
deficiency by the general public and the novice veterinarian seeing pet turtles
and tortoises. Is generally due to a combination of all or one of the following
: Lack of UV Light, improper diet, lack of humidity or consistent below optimum
cage temperatures. UV light must be supplied from direct sunlight ( not thru
glass or plexiglass ) or by use of UV lights placed above the cage ( unobstructed
by wood, plastic or glass tops ). Bulbs need to be changed every 6 months. Technically,MBD,
is an imbalance of the Calcium / Phosphorus ratio in the blood. The ratio should
be 2/1 or 3/1.
Symptoms
1. Softening of the shell of the underside ( Plastron ) and in severe cases,
the top too ( Carapace )
2. Muscle twitching
3. Anorexia
4. Deformity of the shell causing the sides to curve upward. Tortoises reveal
a pyramid effect of the sections of shell on the top.
Diagnosis
1. Blood calcium and phosphorus level
2. XRAY
Treatment
1. Depends on calcium levels ( needs to be under direction of a well qualified
reptile veterinarian )
2. Change diet to that directed by a well qualified reptile veterinarian
3. Maintain pet in UV light daily for 1-2 hours for first month of treatment
Prevention
1. Use proper diet as directed in text from library or calling our office
2. Use proper UV lighting
3. See your Reptile Veterinarian Yearly
Shell Rot
Symptoms
1. Presence of inflamed areas of tissue directly under the surface of the shell.
Severe cases may have pooling of bloody fluid just under the shell
2. Pitted areas of shell on the Plastron with adjoining areas of inflammation
Diagnosis
1. Physical exam revealing areas of inflammation under the shell
Treatment
1. Vitamin A injection
2. Antibiotic therapy
3. Correcting dietary and housing problems
Prevention
1. Having patient on the correct diet for that species
2. Creating a clean environment with adequate levels of UV light
FERRETS
FERRET HEALTH CARE INFORMATION
Mustela putorius furo
Ferrets are generally easy to care for pets. Their exuberant personality will
provide for many hours of entertainment. Some basic tips on health care and
a few guidelines for at home supervision will help you maintain your ferret
in a healthy environment.
FOOD - We recommend feeding a ' premium ferret diet ', such as Totally Ferret
for kits to adults and Totally Ferret for Older Ferrets for ferrets over 5 years
of age. The use of Zupreem ferret diet and Marshal Farms ferret food are equally
good choices.
GROOMING - Once every two weeks is the maximum your ferret should be
bathed. Bathing more frequently may result in dry, itchy skin. The shampoo products
we recommend for healthy hair and skin are OXYFRESH, NOLVASAN or DVM CHLORHEXIDERM
SHAMPOO. Odor is best controlled with OXYFRESH PET DEODORIZER. A ferret's ears
collect a fair amount of brown wax (ear mite infections will have the same appearance).
This wax can be cleaned out by using a Q-TIP moistened with the OXYFRESH PET
DEODORIZER and gently cleaning the outer canal. Brushing your ferrets teeth
with a soft bristle 'feline' tooth brush and veterinary tooth paste or cleansing
solution is advised on a weekly basis.
HOUSE HOLD CARE - Protect your house as you would for a 'toddler' .
Ferrets enjoy exploring and snooping around areas where they shouldn't be .
For this reason it is recommended not to let your ferret roam unattended . They
do have a tendency to play with objects by placing them in their mouth , leaving
the door open for swallowing things that may require surgery to remove.
VETERINARY CARE - Young ferrets require three vaccinations against the
distemper virus; one at 6-8 weeks of age , a second at 10-12 weeks of age, and
a third at 16 weeks of age . Rabies vaccination should also be administered
at 16 weeks of age. Yearly vaccination boosters are recommended against both
the Distemper and Rabies Viruses. Signs of hair loss , irritated skin, abdominal
distension, diarrhea, vomiting, or nasal discharge should be reported to your
veterinarian as soon as possible. Subcutaneous swellings may be early signs
of a form of cancer. Early detection and treatment are crucial to the outcome.
Yearly exams are very beneficial to the health of your ferret.
All ferrets should be put on a monthly Heartworm Preventative !
COMMON FERRET DISEASES
 Adrenal
Gland Disease
A common disease affecting middle age to older ferrets
Symptoms
1. Hair loss ( usually involves the tail and/or the pelvic region - may involve
the entire back half of the ferret )
2. Swollen vulva in females ( mucus discharge usually present )
3. Straining to or unable to urinate in males ( EMERGENCY CONDITION !!! )
4. Weight loss
5. Pot-belly appearance
6. Scratching a lot ( pruritus )
Treatment
1. Surgical removal of the diseased adrenal gland is the most common and most
effective treatment at present
2. Hormone therapy with a new human drug ( LUPRON ) has been utilized with success
over the last 2 years
INSULINOMA - A very common disease affecting middle age and older
ferrets. This condition results from tumor cells within the pancreas secreting
excess amounts of insulin, thereby creating
a glucose deficiency in the patient.
Symptoms
1. Gradual onset of weakness
2. Decreased ability to rouse from sleep
3. Excess salivation
4. Unexplained weight loss
5. Acute episodes of collapse that may progress to seizures
Recommended Treatment
1. The preferred treatment involves abdominal exploratory surgery to examine
the pancreas for evidence of tumor/cancerous nodules and remove the cancerous
tissue. Medical therapy is usually administered for the remainder of the ferrets
life to maintain proper glucose levels in the face of new cancerous cells invading
parts of the pancreas left after surgery.
2. Medical therapy may be utilized as the sole therapy when economics prevent
both surgical and medical therapy as the combined treatment of choice. The 2
drugs recommended for therapy are Prednisolone ( to increase glucose production
by the patient ) and Proglycem ( an insulin blocking drug )
 LYMPHOMA
Among the most common neoplasms in ferrets, and is probably the most common
neoplasm in young ferrets
Symptoms
1. Anorexia
2. Weight Loss
3. Acute Weakness / Lethargy
4. Dyspnea ( difficulty breathing )
5. Coughing
6. Swollen lymph nodes ( Back of rear legs or under the neck )
Recommended Treatment
1. Chemotherapy ( depending on the condition of the patient and the extent of
the organs affected )
2. Surgical removal of the swollen lymph nodes ( removing the spleen may be
of help in individual cases )
3. Use of glucocorticoids ( steroids - one of the agents used in the chemotherapy
treatment regimen
HEARTWORM DISEASE - Affects all ages. Heartworms are transmitted
by mosquitoes. Affects both inside and outside ferrets
Symptoms
1. Weight loss
2. Dyspnea ( difficulty breathing )
3. Increased eosinophil counts ( as noted on a Complete Blood Count - CBC )
Diagnosis
1. Presumptive diagnosis can be obtained from lab data ( increased eosinophil
count), physical exam and documentation of enlarged heart on radiograph
2. Confirmation involves an ultrasound of the heart and seeing the worms
Recommended Treatment
1. Only one drug has been used with continued success ( IMMITICIDE )
Prevention
1. Several drugs have been used, but Dr. Rich prefers IVERMECTIN liquid given
orally once a month
LINKS :
www.ferretcentral.org
www.ferret.org
www.marshallpet.com
www.totallyferret.com
www.zupreem.com
www.vin.com/petcare
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